ATP synthase can produce ATP using as a direct energy source:

The electrons from from NADH and FADH₂ flow through the electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane generating a H⁺ buildup in the inner membrane space.

This proton gradient (gradient of H+) flowing through the membrane enzyme complex ATP synthetase is the direct energy source for producing ATP.

The Biology Project
University of Arizona
Tuesday, August 20, 1996
marciau@gas.uug.arizona.edu

http://www.biology.arizona.edu
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